Signal representing data, method and device for generating such signal and method and device for determining the represented data from such signal

ABSTRACT

A method and a device are described for determining data from a signal spread over at least one frequency base band representing the data. The method for generating a signal has a step of using at least one highly auto-correlated spread code sequence (1C, 2C) associated with the frequency base band for determining a delay with which a modulated portion (1P, 2P) of the data is spread on the signal. The method has further steps of determining said modulated portion from the signal using the delay and the spread code sequence (1C, 2C), of demodulating the modulated portion (1P, 2P) using phase shift keying, and of determining a remainder (1R, 2R) of the data using the delay.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/891,373, filed on Nov. 16, 2015 which claims priority toInternational Patent Application No. PCT/EP2014/059811, filed May 14,2014, which claims priority to European Patent Application No.13167573.8, filed May 14, 2013, the contents of all of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forthherein.

BACKGROUND

In telecommunication and radio communication, data can be represented bynarrow frequency band signals generated using shift keying techniques.There are different forms of shift keying those related to amplitudeshift keying (ASK) or frequency shift keying (FSK) and those related tophase shift keying (PSK) such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK),quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and offset quadrature phase shiftkeying (O-QPSK).

In order to achieve resistance to natural interference, noise andjamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density theresulting narrow band signal is not transmitted as such but spread overa larger or wider frequency band.

Spread-spectrum telecommunications is a signal structuring techniquethat employs direct sequence, frequency hopping, or a combination ofboth.

Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signalstructure to spread the normally narrowband information signal over awider band of frequencies (wideband radio). The receiver correlates thereceived signals to retrieve the original information signal.

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct-sequence spreadspectrum (DSSS), time-hopping spread spectrum (THSS), chirp spreadspectrum (CSS), and combinations of these techniques are forms of spreadspectrum. Each of these techniques employs pseudorandom numbersequences—created using pseudorandom number generators—to determine andcontrol the spreading pattern of the signal across the allocatedbandwidth.

DSSS uses a signal structure in which the sequence of chips produced bythe transmitter is already known by the receiver. The receiver can thenuse the same pseudo noise code symbol sequence to counteract the effectof the pseudo noise code symbol sequence on the received signal in orderto reconstruct the information signal. DSSS phase-modulates a sine wavepseudo randomly with a continuous string of pseudo noise code symbolscalled “chips”, each of which having a much shorter duration than aninformation bit. That is, each information bit is modulated by asequence of much faster chips. Therefore, the chip rate is much higherthan the information signal bit rate.

Another standard, IEEE 802.15.4-2006, covers several physical layers,using several modulation techniques, operating in wide range of thefrequencies, where three major frequency bands are utilized, i.e.sub-GHz (between: 314 MHz and 956 MHz), 2.45 GHz ISM Band (between 2400MHz and 2483.5 MHz), and ultra wide band (UWB) only: below 1 GHz,between 3 GHz and 5 GHz and between 6 GHz and 10 GHz. In Ultra-wideband(UWB) modulation is commonly based on transmitting short durationpulses. Wireless Ethernet standard IEEE 802.11 uses either FHSS or DSSSin its radio interface.

One of the most interesting sub-GHz Bands is called “g1” Band, coveringfrequencies between 868.0 MHz and 868.6 MHz. Frequency bandwidth isnarrow—only 600 kHz—preventing high data rates in wireless communicationwhere simple modulation schemes are used.

According to the IEEE standard 802.15.4-2006, 250 kbps is the maximumpossible gross data rate specified for the 868.3 MHz band of 600 kHzfrequency bandwidth, the “g1” band. But due to the narrow frequencybandwidth, prior art implementations exhibit in practice much lowervalues of the gross data rate—in order of 100 kbps, maximally.

Tsai Y., Mary spreading-code-phase-shift-keying modulation for DSSSmultiple access systems, IEEE Transactions on Communication, Volume 57,Issue: 11, pages 3220-3224, (November 2009), describes that code shiftkeying (CSK) was proposed to increase the transmission efficiency ofDSSS systems, and to overcome the spreading gain versus data ratelimitation and proposes to improve the system flexibility by switchingthe spreading code phase in accordance with the incoming data.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a modulation scheme enabling increased datarate. The invention is applicable in particular in the frequency bandbetween 868.0 MHz and 868.6 MHz for enabling increased data rate forwireless communication but is neither limited to this band nor limitedto wireless communication.

In particular the invention provides, in one aspect, a method fordetermining data from a signal spread over at least one frequency baseband; and in another aspect a device for determining data from a signalspread over at least one frequency base band.

The method for determining data comprises using at least one highlyauto-correlated spread code sequence associated with the frequency baseband for determining at least one delay with which a modulated portionof the data is spread over the signal, using the spread code sequenceand the delay for determining, from the signal, the modulated portion ofthe data, demodulating the modulated portion of the data using phaseshift keying, and determining a remainder of the data using the delay.The device for determining data comprises corresponding means.

In an embodiment of the invention, the signal may comprise the portionmodulated on the at least one baseband as one of an I component and a Qcomponent according to offset quadrature phase shift keying.

Then, the signal may further comprise further data of which a portion ismodulated on the at least one baseband as the other of the I componentand the Q component, the other component being spread with a furtherspread code time sequence selected from the set of predetermined spreadcode sequences and delayed by a further delay determined according to aremainder of the further data.

The signal may comprise the portion modulated on different frequencybase bands, wherein, for each frequency base band, a different spreadcode is used.

The data represented by the signal can be Viterbi encoded.

Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependentclaims and described in the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, together with the specification, illustrateexemplary embodiments of the present invention, and, together with thedescription, serve to explain the principles of the present invention.It shows

FIG. 1 relationship between bit error rate, modulation scheme andE_(b)/N₀ factor;

FIG. 2 exemplary block diagram of a first embodiment of the inventivemodulation scheme;

FIG. 3 exemplary block diagram of a second embodiment of the inventivemodulation scheme;

FIG. 4 QPSK Constellation for the first embodiment of the inventivemodulation scheme with no delay;

FIG. 5 BPSK Constellation for the first embodiment of the inventivemodulation scheme achieved by applying zero spread code to one of thepaths; and

FIG. 6 an exemplary frequency spectrum transmitted according a thirdexemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

For digital communication system an optimum system can be defined as thesystem which minimizes probability of bit error rate (BER) at output ofthe system (receiver side) under constrains of occupied frequencybandwidth and transmitted energy. In case of signal together with whiteGaussian noises (AWGN), Claude E. Shannon, Communication in the Presenceof Noise. Proc. I.R.E., 37, 1949, pages 10-21, gives the followingequation for channel capacity C in bit per second wherein B is thechannel bandwidth in Hertz and S/N is the signal to noise power factorin Watt per Watt:

C=B*log₂(1+S/N)  (1)

For a predetermined frequency bandwidth B and signal-to-noise ratio S/N,channel capacity C defines the theoretical limit of communication rate Rwhich is possible to realize without errors.

The problem how to shape waveform carrying information which istransported over band limited wireless channel together with frequencyresponse of the channel was analyzed by Harry Nyquist, Certain Topics inTelegraph Transmission Theory, Transactions of the AIEE, vol. 47,February 1928, pages: 617-644. Three different methods are described foreliminating ISI though pulse shaping. For shaping frequency response ofthe communication channel Raised Cosine-Rolloff Filter can be used.

Maximum baud rate (symbol rate) D that communication system can supportwithout inter-symbol interference (ISI) can be related to the absolutefrequency bandwidth B of the system and the roll-off factor r of theRaised-Cosine-Rolloff Filter characteristic.

D=2*B/(1+r)  (2)

Unfortunately is impossible to utilize entire available frequencybandwidth due to imprecision of the reference frequency. For typicalcrystal tolerance ±40 ppm, available frequency bandwidth B in the “g1”band for instance reduces from 600 kHz to 530 kHz.

Though a Rolloff factor of Zero is theoretically possible, achievingroll-off factor below 0.2 is difficult and expensive. Thus, though thereis a theoretical Baud Rate limit of 530 kbaud in the g1 band, inpractice the limit is about 442 kbaud. That is symbols have to carrymore than one bit for conveying data rates of more than 442 kbaud.

Besides channel capacity and resulting limitations energy efficiency isof importance in particular for mobile and/or wireless applications. Away to analyze energy efficiency is investigating the impact of AdditiveWhite Gaussian Noise (AWGN) on attenuation of the signal between source(sender/transmitter) and sink (receiver/destination). Additive WhiteGaussian Noise (AWGN) is parameterized by the scalar value N₀ whichrepresents the level of the power spectral density of the white noiseand the attenuation is expressed by energy of the bit of informationE_(b) at input to the receiver/destination.

For achieving a same bit error rate at a same power spectral density N₀of noise, assuming AWGN, different modulation schemes require differentenergy of the bit E_(b).

FIG. 1 exemplarily shows relationship between bit error rate, modulationscheme and E_(b)/N₀ ratio. For decreasing E_(b)/N₀ ratio bit error rateincreases for each modulation scheme similarly. For each given E_(b)/N₀ratio, O-QPSK achieves the lowest bit error rate, followed by coherentfrequency shift keying, 16^(th) order quadrature amplitude modulation(16QAM) and 8^(th) order PSK. Highest bit error rates occurred in caseof non-coherent frequency shift keying and orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM).

In a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, a single layer is usedas exemplarily depicted in FIG. 2. That is, input data ID isdemultiplexed by data demultiplexer DD into a first and a second portion1P, 2P, and a first remainder and a second remainder 1R, 2R. From thefirst and the second portion 1P, 2P a first and a second independentsignal 1MP, 2MP are generated by keying module KM according to binaryphase shift keying. The first and the second remainder 1R, 2R are usedfor determining a first and a second delay. From a predetermined set ofspread code sequences with high auto correlation and low crosscorrelation, a first and a second highly auto-correlated spread codesequences 1C, 2C are selected by selecting module SM according to thefrequency band. The set can be predetermined according to DSSS, forinstance, and the selected spread code sequence 1C, 2C can be associatedwith the baseband on which the spread signal will be modulated finally.The spread code sequence 1C, 2C may be equal or may differ. The selectedfirst and a second spread code sequence 1C, 2C are delayed individuallyaccording to the first and the second remainder 1R, 2R by delayingmodule DM, the first spread code sequence 1C by the first delayresulting in a first delayed spread code sequence 1DC and the second bythe second delay resulting in a second delayed spread code sequence 2DC.

Then, the first independent signal 1MP is spread by spreading module SCover the available frequency band using the delayed first spread codesequence 1C and the second independent signal 2MP is spread over theavailable frequency band using the delayed second spread code sequence2C. The spread signals are then modulated by baseband modulator BM on abaseband as I component and Q component according to QPSK.

Apparently, Q component modulation and I component modulation iscomplete independent from each other. That is, the inventive conceptapplied in the single layer QPSK system according the first embodimentto one component, can be applied in a single layer BPSK system. Then nodemultiplexing occurs and modulation on the baseband is not as either Icomponent or Q component but as is.

The use of the BPSK modulation combined with DSSS of the first exemplaryembodiment ensures back-compatibility with legacy devices which are BPSKand DSSS based.

A receiver for retrieving the data from the signal generated accordingto the first exemplary embodiment of the invention receives the signaland separates it into an I component and a Q component. Each componentis de-spread using the respective spread code sequence used forspreading. Through delaying of the respective spread code sequence andcontrolling the de-spreading result a delay is determined for eachcomponent. From the de-spread signal of each component a respective dataportion is extracted. Further, from the determined delay a remainder ofthe data is determined. Finally data portions and data remaindersdetermined for each component are multiplexed for determining the datathat was represented by the signal received.

In a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, two or more layersare used super positioned or overlaid as exemplarily depicted in FIG. 3.That is, the second exemplary embodiment can be considered an overlay orsuperposition of several instances of the first exemplary embodimentwherein different DSSS spread code sequences are used in each layer.Among components of a layer, a same spread code sequence can be used.Again quadrature modulation, for instance QPSK or, for even higher bitrates, O-QPSK, is used and bit rate per symbol is increased throughdelays of the spread code sequences. By a module INT, layer componentsdetermined for being modulated on the baseband as I components aresummed by module INT and layer components determined for being modulatedon the baseband as Q components are summed. The sums of layer componentsare then modulated on the baseband by the baseband modulator BM.

As the second exemplary embodiment can be considered an overlay orsuperposition of several instances of the first exemplary embodiment, areceiver for retrieving the data from the signal generated according tothe second exemplary embodiment of the invention can be formed bycombining a corresponding number of receivers for retrieving data fromsignals generated according to the first exemplary embodiment.

In order to show the flexibility of the first exemplary embodiment, aconstant spread code sequence equal to 1, 1C=1 and 2C=1, and noremainders 1R, 2R are exemplarily assumed resulting in no delaying. Thenoutput signal from the Spread Block is equal to the input signal to theSpread Block. For such set-up, QPSK modulation is realized withconstellation depicted on FIG. 4.

Deactivating the Data Demultiplexer DD and applying either 1C=0 and 2C=1or 1C=1 and 2C=0 with zero delays achieves BPSK modulation as depictedin FIG. 5.

In an embodiment the invention makes use of a standardized preamble ofeight O-QPSK modulated symbols, i.e. 4 octets of totally 320 μs durationtime, which are followed by data rate specific Start-of-Frame Delimiter(SFD) which enables automatic data rate selection of the data streamwhich follows after SFD. The preamble part is used for conditioning thereceiver by settling AGC, synchronizing, phase/frequency offsetestimations and the like. The SFD determines the data rate of themessage following the SFD and switches the baseband signal processing insuch a way that the message received after SFD will be decoded withcorrectly selected speed.

Experiments have been conducted with a third exemplary embodiment basedon O-QSPK implementation together with Viterbi encoding which wassynthesized, verified and back-annotated. The back annotated design wassimulated by means of 1000 Monte-Carlo runs.

As a result, the E_(b)/N₀ ratio of the third exemplary embodiment scoredonly 2.7 dB below the theoretical limit resulting from equation (1) fora predetermined bit error rate. Similarly, for transmitting apredetermined data rate the third exemplary embodiment requires areceiver sensitivity which is only by 2.7 dB larger than the theoreticallimit.

The third exemplary embodiment was provided with payload represented bypseudorandom numbers and from the payload a signal in the g1 band wasgenerated. The generated signal is, as apparent from FIG. 6 within thefrequency range allowed by IEEE 802.15.4-2006, said range being betweenthe two vertical lines in FIG. 6.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for determining data from a signalspread over at least one frequency base band representing the data, thedata consisting of a portion of the data and a remainder of the datawhich is complementary to the portion of the data, wherein the portionof the data is modulated on the signal and wherein the method comprises:using at least one highly auto-correlated spread code sequenceassociated with the frequency base band for determining a delay withwhich a modulated portion of the data is spread on the signal;determining said modulated portion from the signal using the delay andthe spread code sequence; demodulating the modulated portion using phaseshift keying, and; determining the remainder of the data using the delaywherein at least one of the following holds: (i) the signal comprisesthe portion modulated on the at least one baseband as one of an Icomponent and a Q component according to offset quadrature phase shiftkeying and the signal comprises further data of which a portion ismodulated on the at least one baseband as the other of the I componentand the Q component, the other component being spread with a furtherspread code time sequence selected from a set of predetermined spreadcode sequences and delayed by a further delay determined according to aremainder of the further data, the remainder of the further data beingcomplementary to the portion of the further data, and (ii) the signalcomprises the portion modulated on different frequency base bands,wherein, for each frequency base band, a different spread code is usedwherein the different spread codes differ not only by delays.
 2. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the data being Viterbi is encoded.3. A device for determining data from a signal spread over at least onefrequency base band representing the data, the data consisting of aportion of the data and a remainder of the data which is complementaryto the portion of the data, wherein the portion of the data is modulatedon the signal, the device comprising: means for using at least onehighly auto-correlated spread code sequence associated with thefrequency base band for determining a delay with which a modulatedportion of the data is spread on the signal, means for determining saidmodulated portion from the signal using the delay and the spread codesequence, means for demodulating the modulated portion of the data usingphase shift keying, and means for determining a remainder of the datausing the delay wherein at least one of the following holds: (i) thesignal comprises the portion modulated on the at least one baseband asone of an I component and a Q component according to offset quadraturephase shift keying and the signal comprises further data of which aportion is modulated on the at least one baseband as the other of the Icomponent and the Q component, the other component being spread with afurther spread code time sequence selected from a set of predeterminedspread code sequences and delayed by a further delay determinedaccording to a remainder of the further data, the remainder of thefurther data being complementary to the portion of the further data, and(ii) the signal comprises the portion modulated on different frequencybase bands, wherein, for each frequency base band, a different spreadcode is used wherein the different spread codes differ not only bydelays.
 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the data beingViterbi is encoded.